Das ist eine Dissertation, in der dem Betrüger Isaac Goiz Duran bestätigt wird, daß seine Methode "Par Biomagnetismo" (gepaarter Biomagnetismus) funktioniert.
Wie kann eine Universität so verflucht hirngeschädigt und/oder korrupt sein, so etwas zuzulassen?Das ist eine Dissertation an der Universität
"Universidad de Alcalá
Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas".
Das ist eine staatliche Universität in Madrid. In Spanien! Hier, mittein in Europa im Jahr 2015DAS IST EIN SKANDAL!https://www.uah.es/es/[*quote*]
Universidad de Alcalá (UAH) MadridIr al contenido principal de la página
[...]
Investigación - Grados en la UAH
Grados
Nuevos estudios de grados oficiales por ramas de conocimiento, adaptados al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior.
Torres Filosofía y Letras - Másteres
Másteres
Las enseñanzas universitarias conducentes a la obtención de títulos de carácter oficial están adaptadas al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior.
Aula docente de la UAH
Doctorados
La EDUAH ofrece una gran diversidad de programas destinados a formar investigadores en las cinco ramas de conocimiento.
Biblioteca UAH - Estudios Propios
Estudios Propios
Grados y posgrados propios (Títulos de Máster y Experto universitario). Programas de Formación Continua.
Te Interesa
Abierta la convocatoria 2021 de Creación de Grupos de Innovación Docente
El plazo de presentación de solicitudes termina el martes 29 de octubre a las 14:00.
I Premios de la Escuela de Emprendimiento de la Universidad de Alcalá a Emprendedores
El plazo para recibir candidaturas estará abierto hasta el 20 de octubre de 2021.
Cursos de Verano 2021
Becas y ayudas
Aquí tendrás información de todas las becas y ayudas de la UAH
Servicio de deportes
Consulta la oferta deportiva de la Universidad de Alcalá
Facebook Twitter Instagram Youtube
Destacados
En la UAH
Patrimonio
Cultura
Deportes
Logotipo de la Universidad de Alcalá
Pza. San Diego, s/n
28801 - Alcalá de Henares (Madrid)
España
Información: +34 91 885 50 00 info@uah.es
Centralita: +34 91 885 40 00
Contacto UAH
[...]
2018 © Universidad de Alcalá Mapa Web | Política de cookies | Política de privacidad | Aviso legal
[*/quote*]
Das ist der Verweiseintrag des Bibltiotheksserves der Universität Alcala für die Dissertation:
https://ebuah.uah.es/dspace/handle/10017/26679[*quote*]
Efectos biológicos de la terapia del par biomagnéticoShow full item recordRefworksUtilizar EndNote Import
Author
Juan González de Castejón, Enrique de
Identifiers
Enlace permanente (URI):
http://hdl.handle.net/10017/26679Director
Bardasano Rubio, José Luis
Date
2016
Filiación
Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas; Universidad de Alcalá. Programa de Doctorado en Especialidades MédicasPalabras clave
Física médica
Campos magnéticos
Tipo de documento
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
Versión
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
Derechos
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España
Derechos de acceso
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
[...]
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España
Este ítem está sujeto a una licencia Creative Commons.
[*/quote*]
Die Dissertation, zuerst in der englischen Übersetzung mit deepl.com:
https://ebuah.uah.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10017/26679/Tesis%20Enrique%20de%20Juan%20Gonz%c3%a1lez%20de%20Castej%c3%b3n.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y[*quote*]
Doctoral Programme in Medicine
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF BIOMAGNETIC
BIOMAGNETIC PAIR THERAPY
Doctoral Thesis presented by
ENRIQUE DE JUAN GONZALEZ DE CASTEJON
Director:
DOCTOR JOSÉ LUIS BARDASANO RUBIO
Alcalá de Henares, 2015
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
2
PREAMBLE
A few years ago I discovered by chance the action of magnetic permanent magnets in everyday clinical practice. The clinical results and the low cost of the therapy prompted me to do more research in this area. Since then, I have been searching for the relationship between permanent magnets and human beings.
This thesis is the beginning of a line of research within medical bioelectromagnetism, on the therapeutic and diagnostic technique of the Biomagnetic Pair.
I am confident that the fruits of this research will be seen in the future. With this, we intend to pass through the crucible of scientific methodology to everything new observable and to be a keystone for its consolidation and future research.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This thesis is the beginning of a unique and original line of research on the Biomagnetic Pair technique. I am grateful for the support received from my wife Raquel, for her understanding in such a long study. To Dr. Bardasano for teaching me to think before I act. To my family, especially my brother Tomás, for his collaboration in the format of this thesis. To my mother, who passed away recently, who could not see the end of this work with her eyes. To Dr. Domingo Pérez León for the non-profit loan of the measuring equipment. To the librarians of the Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Médicos de Madrid, for their help in the search for scientific references. I would not like to leave aside the innovative spirit that has inspired me, among which I would like to highlight: illusion, for maintaining my cheerful spirit. To hope, for being there in difficult times. To inspiration, without it, humanity would not react. To difficulties, true masters of evolutionary change.
RECOGNITION AND PERSEVERANCE
Special mention should be made to the European Foundation of Bioelectromagnetism Health Sciences for its logistical support for this thesis, as well as to Dr. Goiz Durán, Honorary Professor and researcher at the University of Alcalá de Henares since 2013 and creator of the Biomagnetic Pair system.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
4
ABSTRACT
This thesis is focused on testing the effect of magnets according to the Biomagnetic Pair technique on the body, measuring the effect they have on neuromuscular excitability.
For this purpose, the fundamentals of the technique will be briefly explained, as well as a historical overview of the physiological bases of neuromuscular excitability and the use of the rheotome as a measure of this.
Finally, the effects of static magnetic fields on neuromuscular excitability in a clinical study are detailed.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 8
1 THE BIOMAGNETIC TORQUE PHENOMENON .......................... 10
1.1 THE THEORY OF THE BIOMAGNETIC PAIR ........................................................... 11
2 THE PLACEBO EFFECT ................................................................ 17
3 JUSTIFICATION ........................................................................... 19
4 NEUROMUSCULAR EXCITABILITY .................................... 20
4.1 RATIONALE AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ............................................................ 20
4.2 H ISTORY OF NEUROMUSCULAR EXCITABILITY ........................... 20
4.3 MOLECULAR B ASES OF NEUROMUSCULAR EXCITABILITY ...... 22
4.4 C ODIFICATION OF SENSORY INFORMATION ................................. 23
4.5 EXCITABILITY AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ........................................ 24
4.6 FOOT SYMPATHETIC MAGNETO-SYMPATHETIC REFLEX ................................................. 28
4.7 M EASUREMENT OF NEUROMUSCULAR EXCITABILITY BY B ERNSTEIN A
D ELONS: THE R EOTOME .................................................................................... 29
5 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF BIOMAGNETIC TORQUE ........... 48
5.1 PURPOSE ... 48
5.2 M ATERIAL AND METHOD .............................................................................. 48
5.3 M ETHOD ... 50
5.4 R ESULTS ............................................................................................. 53
5.5 INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED .......................... 60
5.6 D ISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 62
5.7 D EVELOPMENT OF THE THESIS: ........................................................... 62
6 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................... 75
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................ 76
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón.
6
INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1 Summary of the catabolic terrain ......................................................... 42
Table 2 Summary of anabolic terrain .................................................................. 43
Table 3 95% confidence interval and paired Student's t test results.
results. ... 55
Table 4 Means, 95% confidence interval and paired Student's t-test results.
Student's t-test results. ... 56
Table 5 Means, 95% confidence interval and paired Student's t-test results.
Student's t-test results ... 58
Table 6 Means, 95% confidence interval and paired Student's t-test results
Student's t-test results ... 59
INDEX OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Front cover of Bourguignon's book, "La chronaxie chez
l'homme" ... 31
Figure 2 Neuromuscular excitability curve Intensity/time ... 32
Figure 3 Rheotome used by Lapicque ............................................................. 33
Figure 6 The catabolic state: HYPOEXCITABILITY ................................. 44
Figure 7 The anabolic state: HYPEREXCITABILITY ............................... 45
Figure 8 Excitability curve ........................................................................... 46
Figure 9 Magnetic pairs used in the study ................................... 49
Figure 10 Rheotome RH 32 ...................................................................................... 49
Figure 11 Stimulation on the external popliteal sciatic nerve ................ 51
Figure 12 Stimulation point placement on the sciatic nerve .......... 51
Figure 13 Placement of static magnetic pairs on the described areas 52
described ... 52
INDEX OF GRAPHS
Graph 1 Excitability curves in the cases .............................................. 55
Graph 2 Excitability curve for controls ............................. 56
Graph 3 Excitability curve in cases (with magnets) ............................ 57
Graph 4 Excitability curve for controls ............................................... 59
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
7
INTRODUCTION
In ancient cultures, the use of magnets for therapeutic purposes is described. The Egyptians mention the Ebbers papyrus, which is the first manuscript. The Chinese and the Hindus used magnets for these purposes.
In Don Quixote de la Mancha:
"-You know, Sancho, that the Spaniards, and those who embark in Cadiz to go to the East Indies, one of the signs they have to understand that they have passed the equinox line that I have told you is that all those who are on the ship die of lice, without any of them remaining, nor will they find any in the whole ship, if they are weighed in gold; and so you may, Sancho, run a hand along a thigh, and if you come across a living thing, we'll get out of this doubt, and if not, we'll be past it. "
We see therefore, as in Don Quixote, the action of the passing of the equinox as a modulating agent of the presence of lice on the skin, since the polarity of the terrestrial axis is modified at this level. This implies a sensitivity on the part of the parasite to the earth's poles, which are nothing more than magnetic poles.
When the first humans were sent into space, Dr. R. Boeringmeyer describes the shortening of the right leg of all astronauts returning to Earth. This unproven observation is the origin of the Biomagnetic Pair technique, as Dr. Boeringmeyer describes that with the application of a static magnet of 0.1 T the right leg returned to its original state.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
8
Thanks to the studies of Dr R. Boeringmeyer, Dr Goiz Duran created the Biomagnetic Pair technique ( 1 ). This technique uses pairs of static magnets placed on specific anatomical points of the body to rebalance the metabolism. The Biomagnetic Pair can partially or completely successfully treat a large majority of illnesses. It has great preventive value.
Assessing, measuring and testing the Biomagnetic Pair technique through its effect on neuromuscular excitability measured by the Reotome is the aim of this thesis.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
9
1 THE PHENOMENON OF THE BIOMAGNETIC PAIR
We are dealing with a new type of therapy, based on the application of permanent static magnetic pairs directly on the body at certain specific strategic anatomical points.
Dr. F. Mesmer (b. 23 May 1734, Iznang, Swabia, Germany - 5 March 1815, Meersburg, Germany), at the beginning of the 17th century, used permanent magnetic magnets with great repercussions in his time, eventually criticised for its relation to placebo.
According to Dr. Goiz's theory, "the Biomagnetic Pair is a physical aspect of magnetism applied to medicine. It is based on the ability to study, detect, classify, measure and correct the functional alterations of the pH of living organs"( 2 ).
The idea of the Biomagnetic Pair arose when its discoverer, Dr. Goiz, attended a biomagnetism course given by Dr. Richard Broeringhmeyer ( 3 ), a doctor who described that a static magnetic field can detect alterations in the pH of internal organs directly and qualitatively.
When a stable, static 0.1 T magnet is impacted on an acidic area of the body, a shortening of the right leg occurs. This process depends on the state of neuromuscular excitability of the affected body area.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
10
1.1 THEORY OF THE BIOMAGNETIC PAIR
1.1.1 Biomagnetic Pair Therapy
The Biomagnetic Pair is based on a sensorial, rhythmic manual manoeuvre, combining magnets in different positions of the body and with the objective of diagnosis and treatment in the same session.
Procedure: for its execution, it is essential to assess the environmental factors of the place by measuring the geomagnetic field (calm days and days without geomagnetic storms) with validated high-precision Hall effect and proton magnetometer meters.
Sensory manoeuvre: The physician is actively involved in the therapeutic diagnostic process. The patient is placed in the supine position and the legs are grasped at the level of the lower third of both calves.
Rhythmic: By grasping both calf muscles of the legs, in the distal third, the doctor performs a rhythmic movement of oscillations between both legs, lifting each of them alternately.
Use of magnets: Each time the doctor lifts both legs in a rhythmic way, he places a 0.1 T magnet of north polarity on the right side of the body (right hemisoma), on certain anatomical points, waiting for a sensory response.
If there is an alteration in the state of local electromagnetic disturbance, we will have a shortening of the right lower limb. This generates the shortening point.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
11
Later, with a magnet of opposite polarity, south, the corresponding anatomical point is sought, waiting for the right lower limb to return to normal. When this point is regulated, it is called an even point. According to Dr Goiz, "each point where there is an acid zone correlates with an alkaline zone, by a phenomenon of electromagnetic resonance" (4).
Magnetopodal Goiz sign:
By definition, electricity or electric charges in motion are magnetism. And whenever there is a mechanical stimulus, an electric current is produced.
The second law of thermodynamics tells us that energy is neither created nor destroyed, it is only transformed. Therefore, the mechanical stimulus produced in the rhythmic movement of the operator, together with the placement of the static magnet, generates a current, and if the area is excitable, the shortening reflex or magnetopodal sign would be produced.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
12
1.1.2 Hypothesis of the principle of the Biomagnetic Pair: the "NEN" or neutral energy level. .
Dr. Goiz's rationale ( 5 ) "states that illness occurs when the balance of what he calls the NEN or Neutral Energy Level is lost".
The NEN defines "the bioenergetic limits where all cellular metabolic processes of human organisms take place".
The NEN acts as a dielectric for the formation and stability of organs and homeostasis.
"The alteration of the NEN obeys the law of all or nothing, similar to muscular reobase. When an organ goes out of its normal energetic level, it is altered, and regardless of the cause, the phenomenon persists in imbalance.
At the positive pole of the NEN we will have the phenomenon of acidosis, shortening of matter, dysfunction, and finally degeneration of matter.
At the negative pole of the NEN, we will have elongation of matter, distension, oedema, dysfunction and degeneration of matter.
In both poles we find the same intensity, the same cellular frequency, and the same number of altered particles.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
13
Relationship of the NEN with the pH of the organism:
The pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
A solution is called acidic when the pH scale is below 7 and alkaline when it is above 7.
In humans, the blood ranges between 7.35 and 7.45. Its maintenance is vital for the preservation of life. In fact, proteins, the true pillars of our body, all have a specific isoelectric point and act optimally at a given pH.
Numerous membrane transporters regulate cytosolic pH.
There is also an intracellular proton pump that maintains the pH. Thanks to the existence of intracellular acidic zones, which are maintained within the lysosomes, molecules can be autophagically scavenged and endocytosed.
Maintaining a dynamic balance between intracellular pH and extracellular pH is essential for the equilibrium of life, so that the cell can continue to live.
Otto Warburg, Nobel laureate in medicine, describes the occurrence of a disturbance in cellular oxygenation metabolism as the cause of cancer. He further attributes a shift of intracellular pH towards acidity as a consequence of this process. Since cells need to create ATP in an anaerobic environment. ( 6 )( 7 ).
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
14
Sodi Pallares, describes the loss of Gibbs free energy as a cellular alteration, and consequently produces a phenomenon of intracellular acidity.
1.1.3 The theory of symbiotism according to Goiz: The pathogenic code According to the Biomagnetic Pair theory, there is a relationship between viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.
According to Dr. Goiz "Micro-organisms do not live in isolation in the environment, but are in vibrational resonance with the rest of the body in a symbiotic way. Vibrational resonance is a phenomenon described by Goiz that attributes to micro-organisms a capacity to communicate".
Establishing a true process of symbiosis within the body where there is an association of different species that benefit from each other, the human being being being the final carrier.
1.1.4 Mitochondrial evolutionary symbiosis
1.1.4.1
Bacteria and ATP synthesis.
The origin of life begins with the need to obtain energy and then to be able to store it. In the body, energy is produced at the mitochondrial level. Phylogenetically, this part of the cell comes from bacteria, true precursors of the maintenance of life on earth.
The energy produced at the mitochondrial level has several phases ( 8 ).
In phase 1, high-energy electrons are transferred to the mitochondrial membrane and release energy which is used for
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
15
pump hydrogenions into the cellular interior. Generating an electrochemical gradient of protons.
In phase 2, thanks to this force created by the gradient, ATP synthetase produces ATP through ADP and P.
Eukaryotic cells couple the hydrogenion gradient flow when transporting certain metabolites.
In bacteria, the gradient is used to generate ATP, and for transport processes, where there is a flagellum that carries out its rotation, allowing the movement of the bacterium thanks to the hydrogen pump. Thus, changes in extracellular pH modify the movement of this flagellum, changing its orientation ( 9 ).
1.1.5 Atopobiosis
Potgieter ( 10 ) defines a new paradigm in medicine: ATOPOBIOSIS. Nowadays, the latest studies begin to doubt the sterility of blood. The presence in blood of inactive or not immediately culturable forms that can survive in blood and within erythrocytes is suggested. A new microbiome has been discovered, but not in the gastrointestinal tract, but in the blood.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
16
2 THE PLACEBO EFFECT
Hernández Gracias ( 11 ) defines placebo as a therapy that has no medical efficacy, but which can have curative or palliative effects if the patient believes that he or she is actually being given real medicine. Placebo works as long as there is faith in it.
Mesmer ( 12 ) developed his theory of animal magnetism, which took up a tradition stretching from Plato to Paracelsus. In his book "De InfluxuPlanetarum", in which he attempts to demonstrate the attractive forces of the celestial bodies that influence the human nervous system.
After treating a patient with magnets in 1774, and seeing a significant improvement in her condition, he confirmed his belief that all bodies have a universal fluid, a force related to terrestrial magnetism.
This fluid was emitted by human beings and generated spontaneous cures. Later, after the publication of the "Memoir on the discovery of animal magnetism" he had great success in his application with magnets, which he later withdrew to use only his hands.
He was rejected by the scientific community of the time, criticising his placebo and hypnosis methods. He is considered the father of both processes.
His follower James Braid developed hypnosis as a therapeutic element ( 13 ). Although primitive methods of hypnotic induction, concrete forms of magical-religious manifestations, which are related to mechanisms of hypnosis, are described already in the ancestors of our human history.
Title: Efectos biológicos del Par Biomagnético sobre la excitabilidad neuromuscular.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
17
mechanisms of suggestion, provoking trances capable of modifying the normal parameters of a person's behaviour or performance ( 14 ).
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
18
3 JUSTIFICATION
The Biomagnetic Pair is a technique:
Creative: the originality of the proposal turns medicine into an art.
Novel: there are no references in the literature regarding the idea of associating magnets and looking for a reflection in the body with the intention of curing.
Useful: its ease of use, simplicity and clinical impact are a great contribution to medicine.
Medical application: the relevance of current studies in relation to permanent magnetic fields will make the Biomagnetic Pair a great medical proposal.
Social impact: its low cost and easy handling imply a great impact, which is already taking place all over Latin America.
From all of the above, the present thesis is focused on testing the effect of the magnets according to the Biomagnetic Pair technique on the body, measuring the effect they have on neuromuscular excitability. Leaving for future theses or studies, the relationship that the Biomagnetic Pair has with symbiotism, as well as the verification of the magnetopodal reflex. To do this, we will use the Reotome as a meter of neuromuscular excitability, and we will check the changes produced on impacting a pair of static magnets on the body.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
19
4 NEUROMUSCULAR EXCITABILITY
4.1 FUNDAMENTALS AND THEORETICAL BASIS
A chemical, electrical or physical stimulus is capable of inducing a response in the neuromuscular tissue by modifying the resting membrane potential, transforming the membrane potential into an action potential.
The objective symptoms of the patient, which can be appreciated with the help of our senses through inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation ( 15 ): in short, observation and its implication in tactile phenomena as a fundamental basis for the process of understanding the functioning of the human being.
The state of neuromuscular excitability is related to the state of cell membrane response, which will allow us to know the state of adaptation of the cell to any stimulus.
4.2 H ISTORY OF NEUROMUSCULAR EXCITABILITY
Krothschuh 1953, developed the history of neuromuscular excitability, and divided it into 3 parts. The first pregalvanic stage, from Thales of Miletus who observed the attraction of different elements by rubbing amber to Jean Jallabert (1712--1768) who demonstrated the therapeutic use of electrical stimulation on muscle. Then came the galvanic stage, where Galvani affirmed the existence of an inherent electricity in the animal and Volta who affirmed that the animal tissue only conducted electricity, to finally arrive at Duchenne de Boulogne who reflected on the points of the animal tissue.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
20
motor points and the excitability of certain muscles that showed nervous degeneration. The electrical muscular diagnosis was established.
And finally reaching the chronaxical stage, where the time factor began to take on relevance, first with Du Bois Reymond's "general law of electrical excitation" ( 16 ) stating that muscular and nervous excitation was produced only by variable states of electrical current.
Only the use of current switches was capable of provoking muscular contraction. He measured the current associated with the muscular impulse.
Fick in (1864--1943) showed that in addition to these currents of minimum intensity, a duration of the electrical impulse was necessary.
Erb (1867--1931) formulated the "degeneration reaction or Erb's reaction", in which galvanic and faradaic excitability at the muscular level was lost after a variable time. Thanks to this principle, the concept of electrotherapy was structured, which is defined as the application of electricity, electromagnetic energy, as a therapeutic agent with the aim of provoking different biological and physiological reactions that will produce the recovery or improvement of the functioning of cells or tissues.
Engelman (1843-1909) verified the influence of the duration of the passage of the constant current on the capacity to produce a neuromuscular response. He noted the need for higher intensity values the shorter the duration of the applied current impulse. Engelman called this time span physiological time.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
21
Hoorweg (1866--1952) developed his research on the influence of time on the neuromuscular impulse. He demonstrated empirically that the intensity necessary to achieve a minimum muscular contraction increased as the duration of the current impulses was reduced.
4.3 B MOLECULAR ACES OF NEUROMUSCULAR EXCITABILITY
Neuromuscular excitability depends on the metabolic adaptation of the muscle to its environment.
The propagation of the action potential when it reaches the neuromuscular plate releases calcium from the reticulum-arcoplasmic reticulum. This calcium binds to troponin due to the presence of ATP and produces the cross-bridge interaction between myosin and actin allowing muscle contraction. When calcium is released there is muscle contraction, when it is absorbed there is muscle relaxation. When an electrical stimulus of sufficient intensity is applied to the muscle it responds with a contraction.
Depending on the state of excitability of the muscle we will have more or less excitability, which depends on the release of calcium and the exchange of other ions to generate ATP.
Depending on the excitability of the central nervous system we will have a faster or slower creation of the action potential that later activates the muscle plate.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
22
4.4 C ODIFICATION OF SENSORY INFORMATION
Perception:
The organism is in permanent adaptation with the environment.
Any stimulus generates a cascade of events, and the body reacts.
Kandell ( 17 ) attributes "the activation of an afferent fibre increases as the intensity of the stimulus increases. The change in membrane potential produced by the sensory stimulus is transformed into a pulsation code in which the frequency of action potentials reflects the amplitude of the receptor potential".
Gustav Fechner, Helmhotz and Wundt, ( 18 ) fathers of experimental psychology studied physiological phenomena that led to share the same principle in the reception of stimuli:
1. a physical stimulus
2. a set of phenomena transforming the stimulus into a nerve impulse
3. a response to this signal in the form of perception, conscious experience or motor response.
Therefore any stimulus on the body produces a sensory and receptive effect.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
23
4.5 EXCITABILITY AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
4.5.1 The vegetative nervous system
"The nervous system of vegetative life is made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. As both systems innervate the same viscera, they have been given antagonistic functions. It follows that an increase in the tone of one of them leads to peculiar functional disorders due to a disturbance of the visceral nervous balance" ( 19 ). There are subjects in whom the two antagonistic systems are hyperexcited, as a reactionary defence action.
Each of them has antagonistic functions in each section, mainly the sympathetic tends to excitation, and the parasympathetic to relaxation.
There are methods of exploring the vegetative nervous system, where the imbalance of the two systems will be manifested by an increase in the tone of one system over the other. Depending on whether the sympathetic or parasympathetic is predominant.
The vegetative system responds to external stimuli.
The assumed functional antagonism of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, the imbalance of both systems will be manifested by an increase in tone or predominance of one over the other (sympathicotonia or parasympathicotonia) ( 20 ).
This is important, as this state depends on the state of neuromuscular excitability. Any change in neuromuscular stability will lead to a change in the state.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
24
The body constantly reacts to external stimuli.
A review is made of the different stimuli described in the literature with respect to physical examination tests. Each test is a demonstration of the body's reactivity to a stimulus.
Noguer and Molins ( 21 ) define the exploration of the neurovegetative system as a fundamental part in the performance of a medical act. Vegetative life is regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
An increase in the tone of one of them leads to functional disorders peculiar to the disturbance of the nervous balance: vegetative lability.
The exploration of the vegetative nervous system is useful for the treatment of acute accidents, because of the rapid response of the vegetative tone to its stimuli.
4.5.2 Methods of examination
a. Oculocardiac reflex: (Dagnini--Aschner), decreases pulsations by compressing the eyeballs.
b. Pilomotor reflex: pilomotor erection when ice is applied to the body (due to sympathetic arousal).
c. Cilio-spinal reflex: dilation of the pupil by pinching or pinching of the side and back of the neck on the same side.
d. Active standing test: the pulse quickens, followed by reflex bradycardia.
e. Valsalva test: forced expiration against pressure and closure of the glottis usually produces a bradycardia.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
25
(the disappearance of this phenomenon indicates vagal neuropathy and cardiac insufficiency).
f. Samoggi symptom: contraction of the pupil on expiration in vagotonic individuals.
g. Hering's phenomenon: increased pulse rate and decreased tension during inspiration in vagotonic individuals (respiratory sinus arrhythmia).
h. Passive orthostasis test: lowering of blood pressure during prolonged standing.
i. Sweat test: increase body temperature by 1 degree, sweating occurs and is highlighted by sprinkling the patient's skin with starch.
j. Dermographism.
k. Carotid sinus reflex: compression or massage at the carotid bifurcation causes reflex bradycardia.
l. Coldpressure test: increase in blood pressure after immersion of the hand in cold water.
m. Kernig's sign: while the patient is in the supine position, he is helped to sit up, then the legs are seen to flex, and it is impossible to stretch them (sign of meningeal irritation).
n. Brudzinski's sign: the patient is in the supine position, and when the two lower limbs are raised, it is observed that they also bend in flexion at the knees, without it being possible to perform this stretching movement. Or
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
26
The patient's head is flexed and the knees are flexed.
(sign of meningeal irritation).
o. Mingazzini manoeuvre: search for defects in the motor pathways, when the patient is lying on the back, with the muscles flexed at right angles to the pelvis and the legs bent at the knees, with greater difficulty in maintaining this position at the paretic end.
p. Manoeuvre of Barré: the patient in prone position with the lower limbs flexed at right angles to the knees, with both legs vertical, swings and falls on the affected side.
q. Lasègue's sign: exacerbation of pain when lifting the limb on the diseased side in full extension. (due to elongation of the nerve) and does not increase if the limb is bent in flexion.
r. Bragard's manoeuvre: by dorsiflexing the foot, it causes or further exaggerates the pain in sciatica.
Each of these tests, used in clinical practice, validated by medical science, demonstrate that the body reacts to mechanical stimuli, with manual stress tests.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
27
4.6 PODAL SYMPATHETIC MAGNETO-SYMPATHETIC REFLEX
In the exploration of the nervous system, we are going to focus on the part of the automatisms, medullar or defence reflexes, which are phenomena of the shortening and lengthening muscles, producing cross-extension. These reflexes are complex coordinated movements that bring into action synergistic but anatomically distant muscle groups, which are triggered by certain manoeuvres and cannot, however, be abolished by the use of a
However, they cannot be abolished by voluntary motility.
They are most often present in lesions of the pyramidal fascicle, and are seen in the lower limbs, where the most important is the shortening phenomenon, which is triggered by forced flexion of the toes and is produced by triple flexion of the tarsus, knee and hip.
It can also be triggered by pinpricks on the sole of the foot ( 22 ).
Electrical versus magnetic scanning of the body: Electrical scanning of motor nerves and muscles can also be performed. Galvanic currents are applied to investigate the functional status of brain lesions.
Galvanic excitation determines a contraction at the moment of closing and a contraction at the moment of opening. The contraction is stronger at the negative pole than at the positive pole ( 23 ).
A magnet generates a state of permanent current which, when it comes into contact with the body, produces a reaction in the body. If the excitatory state is large, even a shortening of the right leg can be observed, because muscle excitation occurs when a static magnet is applied.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
28
For this reason, we believe that it would be appropriate to investigate the effect of the body when applying a static magnet with the consequent shortening of the leg, as described in the Biomagnetic Pair technique. What we will call: Goiz reflex or sympathetic magneto-podal reflex.
4.7 M EASUREMENT OF B ERNSTEIN'S NEUROMUSCULAR EXCITABILITY
A D ELONS : THE R EOTOME
4.7.1 JuliusBernstein: the Rheotome
The measurement of neuromuscular excitability is referred to by means of the measuring device called the "differential rheotome"( 24 ), a discovery made by Bernstein thanks to which he was able to determine the membrane action potential (1868), later the membrane theory (1902).
In the first electrophysiological instrument the galvanometer could not record the time course of action potentials, but Julius Bernstein designed an ingenious device called the "Differential Rheotome". A pin on a rotating wheel closes the stimulus circuit when it touches a copper wire, while two other pins on the opposite side of the wheel close the recording circuit (a galvanometer) when passing through a mercury surface.
By adjusting the position of the pins, Bernstein was able to test the electrical response at precise times after the stimulus, and used his instrument to produce the first recording of an action potential in 1868.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
29
He then developed an influential theory according to which the negative resting potential is due to the membrane permeability to potassium ions and the action potential to a non-selective increase in membrane permeability (Bernstein, 1912).
For many years, the application of external electrodes was the only available technique for measuring potentials and Bernstein's hypothesis remained intact ( 25 ).
Later, Weiss (1905) introduced the so-called "Ballistic Reotome", an apparatus allowing stimulation with rectangular waves of direct current, and established Weiss's law of excitation: "to excite a nerve, a constant quantity of electricity plus one proportional to the time of duration must be required, which acts as if it were necessary to combat unceasingly the tendency to return to the primitive state of rest".
Thanks to Dr. Weiss, the determining factor for the excitation of a tissue is the relationship between the intensity and the duration of the stimulus. Weiss coined the term rheobase, as the minimum voltage necessary for a current to be effective (minimum intensity necessary to produce a threshold response using a rectangular, unidirectional impulse of 1 second duration) ( 26 ).
Later, in 1909, Lapicque established the measurement of physiological time, the only constant element in excitability, called chronaxia. This is the duration of the impulse necessary for a rectangular impulse to produce the minimum contraction using twice the intensity of a reobase (i.e. the time necessary for the reobase to have a maximum effect).
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan Gonzalez de Castejon.
30
Bourguignon (1876--1963) calculated the chronaxia measurements for nervous and muscular tissues, establishing the parameters between illness and health.
Figure 1 Cover of Bourguignon's book, "La chronaxie chez l'homme".
The values of reobase, chronaxia and working time were applied in the modern electrodiagnostic field. The useful time being the minimum duration of a unidirectional rectangular impulse of rheobasic intensity capable of producing a response.
With the contribution of the Frenchman Lapicque and later the studies of Laborit, the rheotome was optimised. The military doctor Georges Guiot ( 27 ) built the first electronic rheotome, where a measure of muscle excitability could be established as a function of the duration of the impulse. Basis
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
31
of the study of this thesis to demonstrate the effect of magnetic torques on neuromuscular excitability.
The measurement of neuromuscular excitability as a function of the time of the impulse: In order to make a tissue go from rest to excitation by means of an induced electrical stimulus, two fundamental conditions are necessary: the quantity of current sufficient to stimulate the target tissue, and the duration of the stimulus will have to be appropriate to the area to be stimulated.
4.7.2 Chronaxia and reobase
Lapicque
The relationship between stimulus intensity (I) and stimulus duration (T) is not linear, and was codified by Lapicque (1909) who graphically represented its development (figure 2)( 28 )( 29 ).
Figure 2 Curve of neuromuscular excitability Intensity/time
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
32
The measure of physiological time, the only constant element in excitability, is the chronaxia. This is the duration of the impulse necessary for a rectangular impulse to produce the minimum contraction using twice the intensity of a rheobase (i.e. the time necessary for the rheobase to have a maximum effect).
Figure 3 Rheotome used by Lapicque
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
33
Mathematical demonstration by Lapicque to coin the term chronaxia Hoorwerg in 1892 demonstrates the importance of the time factor in the excitation of muscular tissues ( 30 ). If the same muscle is
If the discharge of two capacitors of different capacities charged with the same potential were applied to the same muscle, he found that the capacitor of greater capacity with a longer discharge time produced more excitation than the one with a shorter discharge. And he established the excitation law according to which the voltage V necessary to obtain a capacitor response is inversely proportional to the capacitance of the capacitors, and directly proportional to the constants a and b of each fabric and to the resistance of the circuit ( 31 ).
V=a*R+(b/c)
Weis used direct current by means of a ballistic Reotome which, thanks to a carbine that emitted a bullet at a known speed, cut two conductors separated at a variable distance at will.
Weis found that currents of short duration required greater intensity and vice versa. He formulated the law of the excitation threshold, which depends on two tissue constants a and b and the time the current lasts.
Q=a+b*t
Where:
Q the quantity of electricity to electricity, and the product b*t electricity,
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
34
therefore b will be intensity since t is the measure of time.
To know the values of a and b of Weiss, it is enough to make two determinations on a neuromuscular preparation, modifying intensity and currents, obtaining
Q=a+ b*t
Q1 =a+b*t1
By modifying the experimental conditions, the values of a and b are modified, with the constant a/b where a is the quantity of electricity and b an intensity. And their quotient is the time.
It follows that the characteristic of the tissue depends on the relationship between a and b, which Lapicque called CRONAXIA.
But Lapicque in an elegant mathematical way deduced the following:
If we express Weiss's law as a function of the current intensity we will have:
I = (a / t ) + b
Dividing now by b we obtain:
( I / b ) = [ a / ( b * t) ] + 1
and I call Y=a/b which corresponds to the chronaxy we will have
(I/b)=(y/t)+1
and what is the same
I=b*[(y/t)+1].
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
35
Called Lapicque's formula where there are two constants:
Y which is the excitation time
B which is the intensity of the current
When in this formula we make the limit of the time to infinity we will have
I=b
i.e. when the excitability time is infinite, the intensity is equal to b, i.e. the threshold of excitation of the tissue for infinite times is b : the REOBASE.
But Lapicque went further in his study, if he passed a current whose duration was equal to the chronaxy, i.e. t=y, then we have
I=b*[(y/t)+1].
But if t=I then we would have
I=b*(1+1)=2*b
So when the intensity necessary to create a double contraction we will have that the time is the same as the chronaxia because we have decided that t=I.
That is to say, when we have that the intensity is twice the rheobase ( b) we find the chronaxial time.
The chronaxia measures the excitability characteristic of the tissue, the higher the excitability of a tissue the lower the chronaxia.
The rheobase is the intensity that a pulse of infinite duration must have in order to generate a threshold contraction and the chronaxial time.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
36
chronaxia is the time that a pulse of intensity equal to twice the rheobase lasts, capable of generating a threshold contraction.
In order to stimulate an excitable tissue, the membrane potential must rise to the threshold of excitation, and very quickly so that the Na and K channels open and close.
The phenomenon of accommodation occurs when the threshold of excitation is raised, which would be the same as entering a catabolic phase, where more stimulus is needed to obtain a contraction ( 32 ).
Chronaxy of subordination In terms of physiological study, the study of a chronaxy of constitution, linked to the characteristic of the muscles or nerves studied, was proposed. It was Bourguigon ( 33 ), a French doctor at the beginning of the last century, who detailed one by one all the chronaxies of the muscles.
But Lapicque ( 34 ) and other researchers of his time decided to investigate the chronaxy of subordination, that variable chronaxy, influenced by metabolic states,
as well as medicines.
In conclusion Lapicque called chronaxia as "the notion of chronaxia is superior to a technical rule for excitation or for assessing pharmacodynamics. Chronaxy announces a profound modality, an essential property of every organisation of living matter: this modality conditions the reactions of the cell with respect to the external world, of the external world with respect to the cell as well as the interactions between cells" (35 ).
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón.
37
4.7.3 Principles and physiological basis of the Rheotome
Delons ( 36 ) demonstrates the interest of using the Reotome on the basis that it is a measure of the individual's basal metabolic state. The sum of two catabolic effects produces hypoexcitability and the sum of two anabolic effects produces hyperexcitability. He also refers to it as a necessary tool for the general practitioner, as he can avoid the side effects of drugs by knowing the metabolic situation thanks to the neuromuscular excitability curves. A concept already advanced by his predecessor Lapicque, who demonstrated the variation of chronaxia according to different metabolic states.
In muscle fatigue, the US military used the Reotome as a reference test to assess fatigue and the effects of magnesium dosage in elite athletes ( 37 ).
Professor Guiot ( 38 ) postulates that the Reotome can be used to assess neuromuscular fatigue.
Nelson (39 ) also used Reotome to assess the benefit of certain products such as aspartic acid in military exercise.
Nowalk ( 40 ) attributes chronaxia as a temporal parameter related to the membrane properties of neural elements.
Bostock and Guihéneuc ( 41 ) describe new techniques for assessing neuromuscular excitability, investigating the relationship of excitability to passive ionic currents, Na K pump activity, and the behaviour of the generated calcium gradient.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón.
38
Ayaz ( 42 ) attributes the chronaxia time for evaluating the
reaction of coenzyme Q10 intake in diabetic rats and its action on
and its action on diabetic neuropathy.
4.7.3.1
Action potential
Kandell ( 43 ) The resting membrane potential is the result of charge separation across the cell membrane. At rest, the cell has an excess of positive charges on the outside of the cell membrane and an excess of negative charges on the inside. Whenever there is a net flow of cations or anions into or out of the cell, the charge separation across the resting membrane is altered, thereby altering the polarisation of the cell membrane.
Depolarisation occurs when there is charge separation, a less negative action potential. Hyperpolarisation induces a more negative membrane potential. When depolarisation approaches a critical level, (threshold), the cell responds by opening ion channels, producing the action potential.
Every action potential has an initial phase which we call DEPOLARISATION, which is due to the entry of Na into the cell; a phase of REPOLARISATION which corresponds to the exit of K from inside the cell, and a phase of REST; in this phase, the Na and K ATPase pump rearranges the normal concentrations of the cations on both sides of the membrane.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
39
4.7.3.2
Neuromuscular plate
The neuromuscular plate is the nerve fibre termination that forms a cleft in the plasma membrane of the muscle fibre. It is the terminal part of the axon and the muscle fibre membrane.
When an action potential reaches the nerve ending, calcium channels open, allowing acetylcholine vesicles to exit into the synaptic space. In the postsynaptic membrane there are acetyl choline receptors that open to allow the passage of positive ions (sodium) generating a positive potential within the muscle fibre, called: end plate potential, which in turn initiates an action potential on the muscle membrane causing muscle contraction, thanks to the release of calcium ions.
4.7.3.3
Physiological phenomenon of the catabolic terrain
In interstitial tissue
In the interstitial tissue, the catabolic state produces the outflow of potassium to the cellular exterior, as well as the outflow of amino acids, urea, glycogen and some lipids.
Sodium enters the cell, with internal cellular hyperhydration as sodium is accompanied by water (which leads to a tendency to haemorrhage).
Thus catabolism leads the interstitial tissue to a process that tends towards alkalinity.
In the blood
Blood buffer systems prevent the occurrence of catabolism phenomena in the blood, the bicarbonate system,
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
40
haemoglobin and phosphate control this situation. However, if there is increased protein destruction, increased urea, uric acid in urine, increased blood cholesterol, increased glucose, leukopenia and low haematocrit may suggest a blood catabolic terrain.
Delons ( 44 ) attributes the reduction of the amount of sodium as the best direct sign to evaluate the catabolic situation.
In the emunctories: DRAINING ORGANS
In the emunctories, the lung eliminates volatile acids, weak organic acids that come from the degradation of plant proteins transformed into CO2.
The renal system for its part eliminates mineral acids, which come from the degradation of animal proteins, where amino acids promote the exit of uric acid, sulphur amino acids of sulphuric acid, and nucleic acids of phosphoric acid. Knowing urine density gives us the urea rate directly.
Urinary pH does not provide accurate knowledge of the overall metabolic state, as it depends on numerous factors for its control, buffer solutions and kidney function. As the urine surface tension gives the overall metabolic imbalance, when it is below 64 dynes/cm it reflects the overall catabolic state directly.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
41
On the nervous system
Any catabolic system increases sympathicotonic tone.
Increase in adrenergic synaptic mediators, with vasoconstriction (hypertension, tachycardia, hyperthermia), bronchial dilatation (hypoventilation) and intestinal atony.
Excitation of the anterohypophysis-acidophilic pituitary, with increased ACTH and cortisol secretion, increased FSH and oestrogen, and increased TSH.
CATABOLIC TERRAIN
DEPOLARISED MEMBRANE
INTERSTITIAL TISSUE ALKALINITY
BLOOD ACIDOSIS
SNV HYPERSYMPATHICOTONIA
CATABOLIC HORMONES TSH, ACTH, ESTROGENS
Table 1 Summary of catabolic terrain
4.7.3.4
The physiological phenomenon of the anabolic terrain
At the level of the interstitial tissue proteins and potassium are directed into the cell, and hydrogen and sodium into the blood. The interstitial medium is in a process of dehydration, increased endothelial proliferation of capillaries which favours the increase of thrombosis.
At the blood level
Alkalosis is not directly measurable at blood level, but indirect signs can be observed such as
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
42
decrease in total proteins, low lipid levels, hypoglycaemia, but a slight increase in triglycerides (lipids of glycemic origin), high haematocrit value, leukocytosis and eosinophilia.
In the emunctories: DRAINING ORGANS
At the pulmonary level, the drop in blood CO2 produces a slight hypoventilation.
At the renal level, ions that threaten homeostasis must be eliminated, increasing diuresis and reabsorbing as little sodium as possible. Urine density is low, and surface tension is high, above 69.
Vegetative nervous system
Any anabolism increases parasympathicotonic tone, producing increased cholinergic mediators, vasodilatation, hypotension, bradycardia, hypothermia, bronchoconstriction, hyperventilation, intestinal hyperperistalsis.
At the level of the anterohypophysis, it increases insulin secretion as well as testosterone secretion.
ANABOLIC FIELD
REPOLARISED MEMBRANE
INTERSTITIAL TISSUE ACIDITY
BLOOD ALKALINITY
SNV PARASYMPATHICOTONIA
ANABOLIC HORMONES INSULIN AND TESTOSTERONE
Table 2 Summary anabolic terrain
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
43
4.7.3.5
Neuromuscular excitability curves
EXCITABILITY CURVES and the REOTOME:
The reotome as an instrument for assessing neuromuscular excitability curves.
Laborit, with the support of his wife, and Dr. Guiot, used the Reotome to accurately measure the state of the patient's terrain.
The patient's terrain is the ratio between the energy that is lost and the energy that is available for living. The balance between catabolism and anabolism is essential to sustain life.
The catabolic state: HYPOEXCITABILITY
Figure 4 The catabolic state: HYPOEXCITABILITY
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
44
In catabolic processes, the intensity of the stimulus must be increased to obtain a stimulus, the cell membrane is hypoexcitable.
In this state, the cell has consumed its energy reserves, it cannot depolarise, to repolarise and obtain energy it needs more energy, it is a state of HYPOEXCITABILITY.
If the excitability threshold is high, a stimulus of greater intensity will be necessary to produce depolarisation, we will have hypoexcitability (occurs in catabolic phenomena, the cell has consumed its resources and needs more stimulus to depolarise).
Figure: in the catabolic state, the intensity of the stimulus must be increased to obtain stimuli, the cell membrane is hypoexcitable.
The anabolic state: HYPEREXCITABILITY
Figure 5 The anabolic state: HYPEREXCITABILITY
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan Gonzalez de Castejon
45
Anabolism leads the nervous system to a state of parasympathicotonia, increased vagotonia. In general terms, anabolism is related to the energy that is available for consumption during the day.
In the anabolic state, the cell is primed to become excited, with a low energy stimulus it will become more easily excited. The lower the intensity, the higher the state of hyperexcitability.
If the threshold of excitability is low, any stimulus, however mild, will produce depolarisation and hyperexcitability (this occurs in anabolic phenomena, where the cell tends to repolarise).
Any regulatory effect on excitability will improve cell depolarisation and lower the excitability threshold.
Neuromuscular excitability curves:
Figure 6 Excitability curve.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
46
Segmental impacts of the neuromuscular excitability curve.
Thanks to the work of Professor GUIOT in 1956, it was found that the neuromuscular excitability curve is separated into 3 parts ( 45 ), for short time, medium time and long time. Each time selects a specific group of fibres with its own excitability. The practical interest of these segments is their relation to the main ions involved in the neuromuscular junction.
Each beat corresponds to a specific metabolic situation:
in short time (0.1 to 0.3 ms) relation to calcium
in medium time (1 to 10ms), magnesium
in the long time (10 to 30ms) in relation to the sodium/potassium pump.
Thanks to Professor Guiot's work, Laborit discovered the oscillatory reaction to aggression ( 46 ).
In fact, these studies were extended by Professor Coirault (1902-1975), who demonstrated how the different phases of this confusional state are related to states of hyperexcitability in a first phase, where, as Professor Laborit mentions ( 47 ), with inversion of the nerve with respect to the muscle, which reaches a cellular surpolarisation.
In a second phase, a state of depolarisation or hypoexcitability, with intense thirst.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
47
5 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE BIOMAGNETIC PAIR
At the BIEOM congresses in 2013 and 2014, in Thessaloniki and Cape Town respectively, the proposal for the following study was defended, with approval and reading of the attached poster:
5.1 PURPOSE
To assess the changes in the excitability state of two static magnets applied on the body .
Declaration of interest:
The authors of this study, Jose Luis Bardasano and Enrique de Juan declare the absence of conflicts of interest in relation to this research, in that there are no personal or financial relationships that could bias their work or the conclusions presented here.
5.2 M ATERIAL AND METHOD
2 x 0.1 T magnets with the same geomagnetic field orientation.
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón.
48
Figure 7 Magnetic pairs used in the study
RH32 rheotome (manufactured in France, Suresne, 1984).
It consists of two electrodes, a potentiometer, a screen and a printer.
Figure 8 Reotome RH 32
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón.
49
Group: healthy people, not taking medication, between 25 and 65 years of age, in equal proportions men and women. Sample size: 25 subjects for control and 30 subjects for cases.
Time of study: all measurements were taken between 10 a.m. and 1 p.m., to avoid alteration of the cortisol cycle and in similar spatio-temporal conditions at the same temperature, and a calm magnetic environment (assessed by the proton magnetic environment calibrator, to avoid any geomagnetic storm effect) Place: Madrid, same couch, same position for measurement in both cases and controls.
5.3 METHOD
Location of the measurement point by the Reotome: the location for the present study of neuromuscular excitability was the external popliteal sciatic nerve.
(see figure 11)
Title: Biological effects of the Biomagnetic Pair on neuromuscular excitability.
Author: Enrique De Juan González de Castejón
